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The Han Dynas- ty's westward expansion began with Zhang Qian (3JBlr, unknown-114 BCE)'s penetration of the Western Regions under the rule of Emperor Wu (B£T?
Zhang Qian's four Western missions, span- ning twenty-three years (138-115 BCE), not only opened channels for exchange between China and the Western Regions for the first time, they also triggered the Han Dynasty's ambition for westward expansion.
of its westward expansion in the face of Xiongnu threats, the Han Dynasty carried out a series of administrative measures.
A year later, Ban Chao subjugated Kashgar, a powerful Western kingdom and an ideal foothold for westward expansion, and dethroned the king, who was a puppet of Kucha (H££) and an ally of the Xiongnu.
The Han Dynasty's westward expansion during this period was based on a tribute system known as cefong,which was managed through the Protec- torate of the Western Regions.
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